tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-47563170393770180212024-02-19T21:29:17.984-08:00STUDY AGAMA MINORAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.comBlogger38125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-51429236583115583322013-05-30T19:21:00.000-07:002013-05-30T19:21:55.368-07:00KITAB SUCI AGAMA ZOROASTER<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Kitab suci agama zoroaster: AvestaAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-76522124296554332112013-05-30T19:14:00.001-07:002013-05-30T19:15:01.304-07:00GAMBAR-GAMBAR AGAMA BAHA'I<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Bahaullah<br />
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rumah ibadah bahai<br />
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makam bahaullah di haifaAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-76611206156670987392013-05-30T05:50:00.000-07:002013-05-30T05:51:14.134-07:00GAMBAR-GAMBAR AGAMA SHINTO<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Fuujin adalah dewa angin dalam agama shinto<br />
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Raijin adalah dewa petir dalam agam shinto<br />
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kuil agama shinto di jepangAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-805902835540485782013-05-30T05:36:00.002-07:002013-05-30T05:37:00.050-07:00GAMBAR-GAMBAR AGAMA JAIN<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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BENDERA KAUM JAIN<br />
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<i style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20.796875px;">Dalam agama Jainisme, dosa bunuh diri dianggap sama beratnya dengan membunuh orang lain. Kitab-kitab umumnya mengatakan bahwa kematian dengan cara bunuh diri mengakibatkan seseorang menjadi hantu. Bagaimanapun, agama Jainisme menganggap bahwa bunuh diri melalui puasa dengan berbagai keadaan tertentu dapat diterima</i><br />
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Kuil jainisme di India<br />
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Pendiri Agama jain MahaviraAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-25333837594307611922013-05-30T05:13:00.003-07:002013-05-30T05:13:46.957-07:00GAMBAR-GAMBAR AGAMA SIKH<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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seorang pemeluk agama sikh beribadah di depan Darbar Sahib(altar sembahyang) di kuil sikh<br />
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agama skh terkenal dengan 5 k yaitu: kesh, khanga,karra,kacha,kirpan<br />
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seorang anggota pasukan tradisional sikh nihang menggunakan sorban yang cukup karena terbuat dari kain sepanjang 300 meterdililitkan dikepalanya dan dia sedang melakukan ritual penyembahan.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-46307631500121435112013-05-30T04:07:00.002-07:002013-05-30T04:09:17.021-07:00GAMBAR-GAMBAR AGAMA ZOROASTER<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-43209093897602179232013-05-30T03:32:00.002-07:002013-05-30T03:33:30.727-07:00PENINGGALAN PERADABAN PERSIA KUNO<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhBLJSOHLKuSxUvEPcWsOGTOBFdl_GSZ1SBLy3cTzxvldoK8O2oM4eoDb-F1EnawBkoGBlBy5ltzDK1j3mLmHl8swlaoJlODDZ9oQQJup1VmUGfdrHqdnvjXrUSKWsbSTHnXutoIwuGy0/s1600/download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhBLJSOHLKuSxUvEPcWsOGTOBFdl_GSZ1SBLy3cTzxvldoK8O2oM4eoDb-F1EnawBkoGBlBy5ltzDK1j3mLmHl8swlaoJlODDZ9oQQJup1VmUGfdrHqdnvjXrUSKWsbSTHnXutoIwuGy0/s1600/download.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 21.0pt;"><span style="color: #f9f9f9; font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 65%; mso-color-index: 1; mso-special-format: bullet;">¨</span></span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Silinder</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> Koresh (</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">bahasa</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Inggris</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">: Cyrus
Cylinder) </span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">adalah</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">titah</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> yang </span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">dikeluarkan</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> Raja Koresh </span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">dan</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">dituliskan</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">pada</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">tanah</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">liat</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">ketika</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">ia</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">berhasil</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">menaklukkan</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Kerajaan</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Babilonia</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">tahun</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> 539.</span></div>
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SYILING GOLD PENINGGALAN KERAJAAN DARIUS 1Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-91760433978197229582013-05-30T01:21:00.002-07:002013-05-30T01:22:29.394-07:00PERADABAN PENINGGALAN YUNANI<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIwC2YYmWV7ipNsuNSf10TCbSmHzpQ_5ug-_A7XCrfemR-HMBTjSGr8DCioLCe3Cn_9WnkAirrl5-LdmZUCL73nM6fzkiw9j_Cgs_52HolBB2XARedlxvVJBn8Dg0dAJpDqs-iCIhSD-M/s1600/kuda-troya.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIwC2YYmWV7ipNsuNSf10TCbSmHzpQ_5ug-_A7XCrfemR-HMBTjSGr8DCioLCe3Cn_9WnkAirrl5-LdmZUCL73nM6fzkiw9j_Cgs_52HolBB2XARedlxvVJBn8Dg0dAJpDqs-iCIhSD-M/s1600/kuda-troya.jpg" /></a></div>
Kuda troya merupakan sebuah kuda kayu raksasa yang didalamnya digunakan untuk bersembunyi tentara yunani. kuda tersebut diletakan didi luar benteng kota troya<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHRXzoTkcH1jvLBt958cRk9GjtWyF-ofeZsXGh_aKRstDUan_JYvrJx5DGI7kP47OxYAkyl2S1Xq4wuOexP8cdEEOfiZnGxCIL0mDq158P_lG8OcJSrj2mXE6pM5IAxViInYym3W_lPFU/s1600/kuil-parthenon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHRXzoTkcH1jvLBt958cRk9GjtWyF-ofeZsXGh_aKRstDUan_JYvrJx5DGI7kP47OxYAkyl2S1Xq4wuOexP8cdEEOfiZnGxCIL0mDq158P_lG8OcJSrj2mXE6pM5IAxViInYym3W_lPFU/s1600/kuil-parthenon.jpg" /></a></div>
kuil partheon. seni bangunan yunani yang berkembang pesat<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBMezXe9H0iS3TolPy46eGprJEo3vT0SaJONHx8oKDbKoSbCllX7ItC5uElOHGO5AwXw3CRcDaZb5Y-2_C-rXdk4gZii-jeNH_FOPD8P5pmVKZhZXm7vY6HpZEFPVBmNtE6EUUQc8KWNs/s1600/pulau-kreta.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBMezXe9H0iS3TolPy46eGprJEo3vT0SaJONHx8oKDbKoSbCllX7ItC5uElOHGO5AwXw3CRcDaZb5Y-2_C-rXdk4gZii-jeNH_FOPD8P5pmVKZhZXm7vY6HpZEFPVBmNtE6EUUQc8KWNs/s1600/pulau-kreta.jpg" /></a></div>
pulau kretaAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-34756678288761041622013-05-29T22:33:00.001-07:002013-05-30T20:36:36.419-07:00PENINGGALAN PERADABAN MESIR KUNO<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvbWJNVC6fsWjyssTjLwLB3VioBjXpBmpr2YKjQLWVULUn5TlSwEtSPSny5mfJF1suiIlE11pfQJSzwCq3JRalKpkG45OPwavPdX6_FD2z0nhyDZfJcq7MObt4XsyFhUovGFIB1PdPN48/s1600/hieroglyph.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvbWJNVC6fsWjyssTjLwLB3VioBjXpBmpr2YKjQLWVULUn5TlSwEtSPSny5mfJF1suiIlE11pfQJSzwCq3JRalKpkG45OPwavPdX6_FD2z0nhyDZfJcq7MObt4XsyFhUovGFIB1PdPN48/s1600/hieroglyph.jpg" /></a></div>
HIEROGLYPH <span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Hieroglif Mesir merupakan salah satu sistem penulisan paling tua yang dikenal manusia. Beberapa dari tulisan tersebut berasal dari tahun 3000 sebelum masehi dan telah digunakan oleh bangsa Mesir selama lebih dari 3000 tahun.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf7W9uDAkB2RPjHG_dh2wvxrZ9o-0s7Au2Cce57E2OHD1Hl4Po61fQD1onncwBPWtSbWl3Xlj4PPmHuhYvdOn_tlD0Ce9Grv42xOgAiCeR8qe2zHZd0ZaN3Pq-NvRODLylBTWLAWCKx4k/s1600/piramid1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf7W9uDAkB2RPjHG_dh2wvxrZ9o-0s7Au2Cce57E2OHD1Hl4Po61fQD1onncwBPWtSbWl3Xlj4PPmHuhYvdOn_tlD0Ce9Grv42xOgAiCeR8qe2zHZd0ZaN3Pq-NvRODLylBTWLAWCKx4k/s1600/piramid1.jpg" /></a></div>
PIRAMIDA <span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Bangsa bangsa </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Mesir">Mesir</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> kuno maupun bangsa </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Maya">Maya</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> dikenal menggunakan bangunan piramida sebagai makam raja-raja masa dahulu serta sarana ibadah (pemujaan) selain ada dugaan sebagai tempat penimbunan (gudang) pangan sejak zaman ketika persiapan menghadapi musim paceklik ataupun tempat penyimpanan harta</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy2J7WJdnVrRssOAe9Q-BiloPmIRgzl7NM1Jde7AWP3zLMVnYtYXll7ECbsKcugDUOhebQdEHgIhyR4_ACB5qzFI8F9UdDbX7M28YEVpVZApzsmEpYom1SSHQXfulfi00bBe4uU1VwBSI/s1600/sphinx-front-wa-2001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy2J7WJdnVrRssOAe9Q-BiloPmIRgzl7NM1Jde7AWP3zLMVnYtYXll7ECbsKcugDUOhebQdEHgIhyR4_ACB5qzFI8F9UdDbX7M28YEVpVZApzsmEpYom1SSHQXfulfi00bBe4uU1VwBSI/s1600/sphinx-front-wa-2001.jpg" /></a></div>
SPHINK <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;">Sphinx adalah patung monumental, patung kerajaan pertama yang benar-benar kolosal di Mesir, dikenal sebagai The Great Sphinx of Giza, adalah simbol nasional Mesir, baik kuno dan modern</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-1477428902752174082013-05-29T22:25:00.000-07:002013-05-29T22:25:08.936-07:00PENINGGALAN PERADABAN MESOPOTAMIA<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSrAKH6OyZGtzGVyFuK6l3SNcbjkPYnMV5oXbSdgYSjpvzOAiOgLO6GiE4q-l-Q-AahngSt1Leu4lZI79E-WGGtomZ6Jvn8bMPIwU88f771wfd_tqghCWew35fAaXcrBO-DDlqt8uGnQE/s1600/0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSrAKH6OyZGtzGVyFuK6l3SNcbjkPYnMV5oXbSdgYSjpvzOAiOgLO6GiE4q-l-Q-AahngSt1Leu4lZI79E-WGGtomZ6Jvn8bMPIwU88f771wfd_tqghCWew35fAaXcrBO-DDlqt8uGnQE/s320/0.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Tulisan cunieform dipahat diatas lempengan-lempengan yang terbuat dari tanah liat yang tercetak dengan di press. sistem tulisan cunieform diperlukan untuk kegiatan religi. sistem tulisan ini dipelajari melalui kegiatan edukasi disekolah yang dilakukan oleh laki-laki mesopotamia kuno</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-27053255828053466462013-05-29T22:12:00.002-07:002013-05-29T22:12:58.314-07:00PENINGGALAN PERADABAN MESOPOTAMIA<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOI5q9IRTa0qud4iEjhyphenhyphenx0-ysjO_Sur6aL6aL6JU8bIIZ7iISD-S-6f67WKkg4J85USDYl2h_tFPBznkRv9Qnd7leiikqVIXuqA5IqlA1xl0Fdz9n6uN5H6xPNSN3oGl3Cfa3q8Gc3Zpg/s1600/reconstruccionbabilonia-imperioromano.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOI5q9IRTa0qud4iEjhyphenhyphenx0-ysjO_Sur6aL6aL6JU8bIIZ7iISD-S-6f67WKkg4J85USDYl2h_tFPBznkRv9Qnd7leiikqVIXuqA5IqlA1xl0Fdz9n6uN5H6xPNSN3oGl3Cfa3q8Gc3Zpg/s320/reconstruccionbabilonia-imperioromano.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
Bangsa babilonia membuat taman bergantung dan astronomi yang dibangun oleh NebuchadnezarAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-88919647668607613752013-05-29T22:07:00.003-07:002013-05-29T22:07:38.731-07:00PENINGGALAN PERADABAN MESOPOTAMIA<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp_vtdz6WaZkH7x7ZzOEuxlVnS5rGOVhuQpMlPFchE2ooA1k0oaIT1X5R_CN_go-1F47pjCFVQlYQiCbUHxu1EHDVndTuta3anuVLhCooiutDVUy-g1pA6DSrLEGp9sxnMkcBE9s5osj8/s1600/characteristics-of-mesopotamia-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp_vtdz6WaZkH7x7ZzOEuxlVnS5rGOVhuQpMlPFchE2ooA1k0oaIT1X5R_CN_go-1F47pjCFVQlYQiCbUHxu1EHDVndTuta3anuVLhCooiutDVUy-g1pA6DSrLEGp9sxnMkcBE9s5osj8/s320/characteristics-of-mesopotamia-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
Gambar peninggalan babilonia jika seseorang pria dan mendndakwanya dengan kejahatan besar, tetapi tidak dapat membuktikahnnya penuduh harus dihukum matiAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-64220696854245021602013-05-29T21:56:00.000-07:002013-05-29T21:56:28.802-07:00PENINGGALAN PERADABAN MESOPOTAMIA<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPL18LJ5YqcIvmKxjDc0tG_YLCYYYNHTjdJYbUo6qdFiY1T3iJO8nQeLV9SwK_uzc13eJlHlaoXo5XEi6IdWUIioo84ChMlJIsUfDMbrfkB1U-fLgSfbg9xO-aoUK2-o7Xbbn0fGlDPZI/s1600/325px-Ancient_ziggurat_at_Ali_Air_Base_Iraq_2005.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPL18LJ5YqcIvmKxjDc0tG_YLCYYYNHTjdJYbUo6qdFiY1T3iJO8nQeLV9SwK_uzc13eJlHlaoXo5XEi6IdWUIioo84ChMlJIsUfDMbrfkB1U-fLgSfbg9xO-aoUK2-o7Xbbn0fGlDPZI/s1600/325px-Ancient_ziggurat_at_Ali_Air_Base_Iraq_2005.jpg" /></a></div>
mesopotamia mempunyai peradaban Gutia yang mulai berkuasa di mesopotamia sekitar tahun 2150 SM melalui penaklukan bangsa akadAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-73957307557581987342013-05-29T21:41:00.001-07:002013-05-29T21:42:24.386-07:00PETA ROMAWI KUNO<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnJMda5ydXK0KFKuvPV9MWeeE_E71Q-AbVvzDrTuNLeLkxvrro1gngv0SgrAxH8-HxJ0d5D5FO7EnprAkJdujbjcp1xC4QIT8cSxeCuY2UksVH6jc6riFiPbm7zX5XjkbLX0JQ3Oi5xkM/s1600/Peta+Romawi+Kuno.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnJMda5ydXK0KFKuvPV9MWeeE_E71Q-AbVvzDrTuNLeLkxvrro1gngv0SgrAxH8-HxJ0d5D5FO7EnprAkJdujbjcp1xC4QIT8cSxeCuY2UksVH6jc6riFiPbm7zX5XjkbLX0JQ3Oi5xkM/s1600/Peta+Romawi+Kuno.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-61287335927725136462013-05-29T21:39:00.000-07:002013-05-29T21:39:49.054-07:00PETA PERSIA KUNO<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiErdob3lBHMJYtIS7FgZZk7asR85SxZZ0sUJnWEFROHv-OcF0a0Pba9uin49m5qJPQedfOAbgH4WkV7zQHyxpkmv7CYqi1yLQlKI8QC0n706nB-O84_vAmRHGjzF6NyyAvfLfVOJry6Ws/s1600/PersianEmpire03+(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiErdob3lBHMJYtIS7FgZZk7asR85SxZZ0sUJnWEFROHv-OcF0a0Pba9uin49m5qJPQedfOAbgH4WkV7zQHyxpkmv7CYqi1yLQlKI8QC0n706nB-O84_vAmRHGjzF6NyyAvfLfVOJry6Ws/s320/PersianEmpire03+(1).jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-41597172086183100472013-05-29T21:22:00.001-07:002013-05-29T21:23:49.914-07:00PETA YUNANI KUNO<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic65aBIF4Le3Re6XT3M3Tatb0Xhwusp-pZi5eZhLMTV1uGiO2ubpunbFjUlyf3NhgRq8pXTbavc2x8hDK7gO8BfUJISk8P8c2NzrzipM-JveX2L1R18Fv_O81uWQvvO-wSuRV8BbQGguw/s1600/peta-yunani-kuno.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic65aBIF4Le3Re6XT3M3Tatb0Xhwusp-pZi5eZhLMTV1uGiO2ubpunbFjUlyf3NhgRq8pXTbavc2x8hDK7gO8BfUJISk8P8c2NzrzipM-JveX2L1R18Fv_O81uWQvvO-wSuRV8BbQGguw/s1600/peta-yunani-kuno.jpeg" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #121212; font-family: trebuchet ms, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">letak geografis yunani sekarana sama dengan yunani kuno yang kita bahas. yunani terletak diujung selatan semenanjung balkan. selain di daratan tersebut wilayahnya juga meliputi pulau di laut Aegeia. batas-batas yunani sekarang ini : utara berbatasan dengan Albania, mecedonia, bulgaria dan turki, timur adalah laut aegia, selatan adalah laut tengah, dan barat adalah laut lonia. sebagian besar wilayah yunani bergunung-gunung sehingga antar wilayah terpisah antara satu dengan yang lain.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-6154225162232628782013-05-29T20:13:00.002-07:002013-05-29T20:14:50.125-07:00PETA MESIR KUNO<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPVWnC55q0Al5hGvxHTeyHIUvL3NE9tab45V4DwRTUUCfrlYDfxHhYCG03w3oacyQqHw_0qQZf6ReeVd8005mQgr7NPJVnLMiP4xXWuVsksLlP1lz_sC6Ac9Fgv0v8xkoGHmEIOfp5eG8/s1600/egypt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPVWnC55q0Al5hGvxHTeyHIUvL3NE9tab45V4DwRTUUCfrlYDfxHhYCG03w3oacyQqHw_0qQZf6ReeVd8005mQgr7NPJVnLMiP4xXWuVsksLlP1lz_sC6Ac9Fgv0v8xkoGHmEIOfp5eG8/s320/egypt.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
mesir dengan luas wilayah sekitar 997.739 Km mesir mencakup semenanjung sinai sedangkan sebagian besar wilayahnya terletak di Afrika utara, mesir berbatasan dengan perairan yaitu melaluagi laut tengah utaradan laut merah timur.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-87244614708537324612013-05-29T07:16:00.002-07:002013-05-29T07:26:22.313-07:00PETA MESOPOTAMIAMesepotamia terletak diantara 2 sungai besar yaitu eufrat dan tigris. daerah yang kini menjadi irak itu di zaman dahulu itu disebut mesopotamia<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj32BFbDBuPqUL9WZKzbItVnKFnFUBlr-S9rjNwzPt1jZAT-0ErME9fu3bpy8ItOMSNxS_L2KZ8JSxq56OsfIiy4yisYySYBzcNO3zx7CfQVg2L6hWJkBIpMfCTws2vSB44I0hJJejR3Es/s1600/mesopotamia0.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj32BFbDBuPqUL9WZKzbItVnKFnFUBlr-S9rjNwzPt1jZAT-0ErME9fu3bpy8ItOMSNxS_L2KZ8JSxq56OsfIiy4yisYySYBzcNO3zx7CfQVg2L6hWJkBIpMfCTws2vSB44I0hJJejR3Es/s1600/mesopotamia0.gif" /></a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-68276623812539814702013-05-29T07:14:00.001-07:002013-05-29T07:14:51.653-07:00NOTULEN DISKUSI AGAMA ROMAWI KUNO<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">NOTULEN DISKUSI AGAMA MINOR<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“Agama Romawi Kuno”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kelompok 4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hari/Tanggal :
Jumat/14 April 2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tempat :
Di ruang 507 Fakultas Ushuluddin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Waktu :
10.00 WIB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemakalah :
Elita Karlina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pembanding :
Yusuf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Notulen :
Rita Hardianti<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Moderator :
Rita Hardianti<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dosen Pembimbing : Hj.
Dra. Siti Nadroh, M.Ag<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Susunan acara:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pembukaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyajian
materi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tanggapan
dari pembanding<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tanggapan
dari pemakalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tanya
jawab<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penutup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">DISKUSI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pembukaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Uraian
dari pemateri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tanggapan
dari pembanding:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Yusuf </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: Makalah ini sudah lengkap sekali, namun ada
beberapa hal yang masih harus dilengkapi. Seperti:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembanding
menambahkan bahwa agama nasrani menolak tidak ada pendewaan, tidak ada
pembudakan agama-agama yang datang itu
tidak ada kemiliteran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">angka-angka
romawi, pada mulanya adalah symbol dan bilangan hanya untuk bilangan kecil saja<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tanggapan
dari pemakalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">elita</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> : Terima kasih
atas tambahan, kritik dan sarannya. Saya akan memperbaiki makalah ini kembali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesi Pertanyaan:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nurismayanti:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Coba
jelaskan kan dalam waktu singkat kekaisaran terjadi pemberontakan yahudi?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sehingga
yahudi sangat tertekan dan yahudi juga di benci?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
respon yahudi yang tertekan dan hubungan dengan agama resmi?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fatma
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan
trinitas dan adanya paulus?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Firdan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kenapa
raja bisa dijadikan dewa?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesi jawab:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemakalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab
pertanyaan firdan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena
dijadiakan dewa, karena sebagai perantara raja tersebut dengan dewa dan
memiliki kontribusi ditempat itu <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Firdaus
menambahkan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dewa
itu dijadikan dari raja-raja karena pengaruhnya sangat kuat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab
pertanyaaan fatma:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melihat
dari injil yohanes. Ketika romawi mengenal mediator yahudi ditentang nasrani itu pecahan dari
yahudi, yahudi selalu berpegang teguh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keristen
dibagi 3 periode:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode
pengejaran: bisa mendapatkan kaisar-kaisar serangan-serangan tidak diterima dan
kaisar-kaisar tidak adil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bangsa
keristen menjadi romawi?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena
merasa adanya permainan manusia krisis spiritual sehingga menemukan di dalama
agama nasrani itu sendiri. Akan tetapi tidak langsung dijadikan agama resmi,
namun bermula dari bermimpi perang salib sehingga barulah menjadi agama resmi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun
posisi kuil setelah menjadi agama resmi dia agama nasrani bisa mengambil
kebudayaan romawi sedangkan yahudi tetap ada tapi tidak mendominasi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab
pertanyaan risma:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejarah
agama dan bangsa yahudi yang sebenarnya bermula dengan musa, akan tetapi orangb
yahudi telah menggambarkan sejarah bangsa mereka berawal dari nabi Ibrahim. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kesimpulan
diskusi :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari
uraian yang dipaparkan di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa diskusi yang berjalan
pada Jumat, 14 April 2013 berjalan teratur seperti yang diharapkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Beberapa
pertanyaan ada yang belum terjawab oleh pemateri, karena kurangnya pengetahuan
pemateri mengenai tema makalah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jakarta, 14
April 2013 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Notulis,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Rita
Hardianti<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-59093247095948824932013-05-29T01:05:00.002-07:002013-05-29T01:07:41.081-07:00RESPONDING PAPER KELOMPOK 1<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RESPONDING
PAPER MESOPOTAMIA<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">OLEH: RITA HARDIANTI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejarah
Mesopotamia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mesopotamia
= Bahasa Yunani = “Between the Rivers” yaitu Dua Sungai. Sungai Tigris dan
Sungai Eufrat Terdapat Kota-kota kecil seperti Erech, Eridu, Lagash, Ur, Nippur
dan yang lainnya.Hukum yang berlaku adalah “hierarchies of deities” yakni hukum
“Para Dewa” baik yang bersifat Indigenos maupun Imigran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Para
ahli sejarah menjelaskan bahwa di Mesopotamia telah terjadi pertumbuhan
kebudayaan yang melahirkan banyak perkampungan kemudian berubah menjadi
kota-kota kecil sepanjang Mesopotamia, yang menyebutnya sekitar abad 3500 SM
dan ada juga yangberpendapat sekitar 4000 tahun SM. Akan tetapi sistem tata
negara baru terbentuk pada awal milemium ke 3 SM. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
Mesopotamia terdapat 4 kerajaan yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bangsa
sumeria<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bangsa
sumeria merupakan bangsa pribumi Mesopotamia mereka telah ada sejak 5000 SM,
peradaban sumeria berhasil kepada titik puncak pada tahun 2000 SM sekaligus
abad kehancurannya. Bangsa sumeria ini mampu menciptakann teknik penulisan paku
sekitar tahun 3000 SM. Sehingga dari tulisan inilah para peneliti sejarah
menemukan lebih dari seribu lempengan tulisan paku yang menceritakan politik,
ekonomi, sastra.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bangsa
akkadia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bangsa
ini adalha bangsa yang berimigrasi dari jazirah arab ke wilayah irak tengah
pada millennium ke 3 SM. Teori peradaban akkadia banyak dipengaruhi oleh
peradaban sumeria seperti hitungan bilangan, perhitungan kalender,
timbangan.sehingga bnagsa akkadia mampu membuat alat-alat dari bahan tembaga
dan merakit kendaraan perang. Yang pada mulanya bangsa akkadia tidak pernah
mengenal tulisan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bangsa
assyria<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
millennium ke 2 SM bangsa Assyria tampil sebagai kekuatan politik .karena
terbukti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mereka berhasil menunduukan
bangsa mittani, hitties, alcahien. Bangsa Assyria dikenal sebagai bangs ayang
pandai membuat kendaraan, tank, dan berbagai alat pedobrak. Dan bangsa ini
memiliki gaya arsitektur yang memiliki cirri khas tersendiri dan sangat indah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bangsa
Amori babilonia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Babilon
= Akkadia disebut “Babilani” artinya “the Gate of God” (Gerbang Tuhan/Dewa).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disebelah
utara babilon berbatasan dengan Assyria, di sebelah Timur ada Elam, bagian
Selatan berbatasan dengan Gurun Arab dan di bagian Tenggara berbatasan dengan
Teluk Persia. Penduduk asli babilonia berasal dari bangsa amori yaitu rumpun
ras semit yang berimigrasi dari jazirah arab pada millennium ke 3 SM kemudian
merke menetap diwilayah yang dikenal dengan daerah mari yang sebelumnya
dikuasai oleh bangsa sumeria dan akkadia. Lambat laun bangsa amori mulai
menggerogoti imperium akkadia dan berhasil mendirikan sebuah kota yang diberi
nama Babylon, sekaligus ibu kota dari bangsa amori.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada
3 periode dalam masa perkembangan dan peradaban Babylon yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
old Babylonian periode (2000-1595)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Middle
Babylonian periode (1595-1000)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neo
Babylonian periode (1000-539)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kepercayaan
bangs Mesopotamia/Babilonia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bangsa
sumeria<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bangsa ini menganut
kepercayaan politeisme atau mempercayai adanya banyak dewa. Dewa-dewa yang
disembah dalam tradisi sumeria:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dewa
udara”Enil”(sebagai bapak moyang dari para dewa)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dewa
danau”Enki” (dewa air bumi), Aisuhi(dewa mendung), dehuzi apsu(dewa air dalam),
nenshe(dewa ikan), ninmar(dewa burung).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dewa
kebun, yaitu:Nenjo, (dewa pohon),nenaqshazeda(dewa pemangku aras), demo (dewa
tanaman)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dewa
ternak: nanna(dewa bulan), nanhr(dewa petir dan hujan), uta(dewa matahari),
nanson(dewa sapi), anu(dewa langit), dan(dewa pemelihara kledai di utara), <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dewa
lading yaitu: Enlil, dan ninil, ninurta(dewa angin), maslamatai(dewa dunia
bawah tanah),nashaba(dewa bibit dan biji),pao(dewa tanaman lading dan obat).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Upacra
atau ritual keagamaan bangsa sumeria<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memuliakan dan mengagungkan dewa serta
memohon belas kasih, misalnya mempersembahkan hadiah berupa gandum, minyak
binatang ternak, melakukan doa-doa dan upacra-upacara suci.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ritual negative untuk menangkal bahya
dan untuk melawan musuh misalnya menulis mantra, menulis jimat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ritual untuk penangkal yang bertujuan
untuk mengetahui berbagai peristiwa penting seseorang dimasa depan sehingga dia
dapat mempersiapkannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tempat
peribadatan bangsa sumeria yaitu di agora/ziggurat yaitu kuil yang dibangun
atas bukit buatan dipusat kota berbentuk menara megah yang terdiri dari
beberapa tingkat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bangsa
akkad<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akad juga menganut
kepercayaan yang sebelumnya dianut oleh bangsa sumeria. Namun terdapat pula
nama-nama dewa baruyang masyhur dikalangan masyarakat akkadia seperti
Najrusudan Ishtar(dewa venus). Orang akadia juga menyembah api <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bangsa
Amori <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam bangs amaori
bahwa kepercayaan kepada dewa yang paling berkuasa adalah dewa marduk.
Kepercayaan mereka sama dengan bangsa summeria<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bangsa
Assyria<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keagamaan bangs aassyria tudak
mengakar kuat dalam diri mereka. Karena bangsa Assyria mengadopsi ibadah,
ritual dan dewa-dewa bangsa tetangga, seperti sumeria, akkadiababilonia. Bangsa
Assyria ini dewa asur yang paling utama untuk disembah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-78524517215082692172013-05-29T00:54:00.003-07:002013-05-29T01:08:32.457-07:00RESPONDING PAPER KELOMPOK 2<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RESPONDING PAPER MESIR KUNO</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">OLEH: RITA HARDIANTI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejarah
Mesir Kuno<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mesir
Kuno adalah peradaban yang tumbuh subur dari hulu Sungai Nil sampai wilayah
deltanya di Laut Tengah. Sungai Nil adalah sungai terpanjang di dunia yaitu
mencapai 6400 kilometer. Peradaban Mesir Kuno bertahan lebih dari 3000 tahun
sehingga peradaban Mesir Kuno disebut sebagai peradaban kuno terlama di dunia,
sekitar tahun 3300 SM sampai 30 SM.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada
beberapa faktor alam lain yang menjadikan Mesir sebagai peradaban besar.
Kebanyakan daerah Mesir beriklim tropis, ini dapat dilihat dari lamanya
matahari bersinar. Mesir memiliki musim panas lebih lama dari musim dingin,
dengan sekitar 12 jam sinar matahari per hari pada musim panas, dan sekitar 10 jam
sinar matahari per hari pada musim Mesir terbagi dalam dua bagian, yaitu Mesir
Bawah (<i>Lower Egypt</i>), merupakan hilir Sungai Nil, yang terletak di Utara
dekat Laut Tengah, dan Mesir Atas (<i>Upper Egypt</i>), yang terletak di
Selatan lebih dekat hulu Sungai Nil. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan
Politik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode
Dinasti Awal<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode Dinasti Awal adalah puncak dari evolusi
berlangsung budaya, agama dan politik, sulit untuk menentukan awal sebenarnya.
Menurut tradisi Mesir Kuno, raja pertama yang memerintah atas seluruh Mesir
adalah seorang pria yang bernama Menes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode
Kerajaan Tua (Old Kingdom)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lahirnya
kerajaan Mesir Tua setelah Menes berhasil mempersatukan Mesir Hulu dan Mesir
Hilir. Sebagai pemersatu, ia diberi gelar Nesutbiti dan digambarkan memakai
mahkota kembar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerajaan Mesir Tua
disebut zaman Piramida, karena pada masa inilah dibangun piramida-piramida
terkenal, misalnya piramida Saqqarah dari Firaun Joser. Piramida di Gizeh
adalah makam Firaun Cheops, Chifren dan Menkawa.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Peralihan Pertama<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada kira-kira tahun
2134-2040 SM yang digolongkan sebagai Periode Peralihan Pertama, kekuasaan para
firaun mengalami penurunan. Runtuhnya kerajaan Mesir Tua disebabkan karena
sejak tahun 2500 SM<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pemerintahan mengalami
kekacauan. Bangsa-bangsa dari luar misalnya dari Asia Kecil melancarkan
serangan ke Mesir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Periode Kerajaan Tengah (Middle Kingdom)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerajaan Mesir Tengah
dikenal dengan tampilnya Sesotris III. Ia berhasil memulihkan persatuan dan
membangun kembali Mesir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode
Peralihan Kedua<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kira-kira
tahun 1640-1532 SM yang disebut Periode Peralihan Kedua, kekuasaan dialihkan ke
beberapa raja lokal. Dan Mesir dijajah oleh orang Hyksos dari Timur Tengah.
Pada akhir periode ini, Hyksos dikalahkan dan diusir oleh firaun Thebes. Sekali
lagi Mesir menyatu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode
Kerajaan Baru (New Kingdom)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tahun 1532 SM
Kerajaan Baru dimulai ketika raja pertama Dinasti ke-18, Ahmosis I,
menyelesaikan pengusiran Hyksos dari Mesir, yang telah dimulai oleh saudaranya
Kamose<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Periode Peralihan Ketiga<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selama
hampir tiga abad Mesir lumpuh tidak berdaya menghadapi serbuan-serbuan dari
Asia, pada tahun 800 SM, Mesir terpaksa harus membayar upeti kepada raja-raja
Assyiria. Selanjutnya, pada abad ke-6 SM, Mesir ditaklukkan oleh Persia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode
Akhir<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekuatan Mesir
tidak disegani lagi oleh bangsa-bangsa lain. Bahkan Mesir berhasil dijajah dan
dikuasai oleh beberapa bangsa; Nubia, Assyria, Persia, dan Yunani (Macedonia).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sistem Kepercayaan bangsa Mesir:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tulisan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kalender<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Seni bangunan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Piramida mesir
dan mumi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Keyakinan
bangsa Mesir Kuno<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bangsa
Mesir Kuno menyembah banyak dewa <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Keyakinan
terhadap kebangkitan dan keabadian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Keyakinan
tentang penghitungan setelah kematian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Keluhuran
monotheisme<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jenis-jenis
dewa bangsa Mesir Kuno</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dewa
Ra: dewa matahariDewa Nut : dewa langit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dewa
Geb : dewa bumi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dewa
Su : dewa hawa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dewa
Tefnit : dewa udara panas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dewa
Oziris : dewa sungai nil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kepercayaan
Tentang Jiwa dan Ruh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menurut Mesir Kuno
bahwa ruh adalah seperti angin atau hawa yang tidak nampak bentuk dan rupanya.,
Demikian pula ruh manusia merupakan unsur yang menyebabkan bernapas sepanjang
hidup itu. Ruh disebut “BA” yakni ruh yang benar-benar dan kekuatan lain yang
disebut “KA” yaitu jiwa atau tubuh halus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dari kedua unsur
tersebut ada hubungannya yaitu kekuatan yang disebut “KA”. Apabila manusia meninggal
dunia maka “KA”selalu mendatangi tubuh jamaninya dan memberi nasihat kepada
keluarganya. Itulah sebabnya timbul pemikiran untuk membuat mummi agar tubuh
mayat itu tidak rusak, sehingga “KA” senang mendatangi tubuhnya itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-87469429745740466622013-05-29T00:52:00.004-07:002013-05-29T01:09:13.996-07:00RESPONDING PAPER KELOMPOK 3<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RESPONDING PAPER YUNANI KUNO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NAMA: RITA HARDIANTI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">YUNANI KUNO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masyarakat
Yunani pertama berkembang di pulau Kreta, di sebelah selatan laut Agea.
Penduduk Kreta bukanlah penduduk Yunani melainkan mungkin berasal dari Barat
Asia kecil yang datang 3000 SM mereka melakukan perdagangan dengan orang Yunani
sehingga meninggalkan pengaruh dalam seni, agama, dan dalam sistem penulisan.
Dalam sejarah diceritakan bahwa sejumlah kota di Yunani diatur oleh raja. Kota
yang paling berperan adalah kota Mikene.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebudayaan
Minoa<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang-orang
kreta berasal dari asia kecil, sedangkan orang-orang Mikene datang dari Eropa
bagian utara. Kebudayaan Mikene itu banyak dipinjam dari Kreta. Maka kedua
kebudayaan itu disebut kebudayaan Minoa. Nama Minoa berasal dari nama Minos,
raja kreta yang berkedudukan di kota Knosus. Kebudayaan Minoa desebut juga
kebudayaan laut Aegea.Kebudayaan Minoa (Aegea) berkembang di Kreta 3000 SM
selama zaman perunggu. Kemudia mencapai puncaknya kira-kira pada tahun 2000 SM
sampai 1500 SM. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang-orang
Yunani pertama<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang-orang
Hellena (Hellas) adalah sebutan kuno untuk orang-orang Yunani. Semula mereka
merupaka suku-suku pengembara dari rumpun Indo-Eropa. Mereka menyerbu
keselatan, ke jazirah yang sekarang disebut Yunani anatara tahun 2000 SM sampai
1000 SM. Dalam penyerbuan itu mereka menaklukan penduduk asli atau penduduk
yang datang lebih dahulu dari mereka. Mereka hancurkan dan tundukan kebudayaan
Mikene dan Kreta. Pada kira-kira tahun 1000 SM, mereka telah menduduki seluruh
jazirah Yunani, sebagian dari asia kecil dan kepulauan di laut Aegea.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun
suku-suku Hellena antara lain<span style="color: red;">: </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suku Arcadian/Akhaia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akhaia</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
adalah daerah paling utara di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesos" title="Peloponnesos"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Peloponnesos</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
meliputi pesisir utara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkadia" title="Arkadia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Arkadia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Suku Ionia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Suku Ionia</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Yunani</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">: </span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EL;">Ἴωνες</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, <i>Íōnes</i>) adalah satu dari empat </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku" title="Suku"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">suku</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> utama yang merupakan leluhur </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsa_Yunani" title="Bangsa Yunani"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bangsa
Yunani</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Suku Aeolian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Suku Aiolia</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Yunani</span></a><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">: </span><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Αἰολεῖς</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">) merupakan salah
satu dari empat suku </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsa_Yunani" title="Bangsa Yunani"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Yunani</span></a><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> utama, yang membentuk </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunani_kuno" title="Yunani kuno"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bangsa Yunani kuno</span></a><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (ketiga suku lainnya adalah suku </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akhaia_%28suku%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Akhaia (suku) (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Akhaia</span></a><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Doria" title="Suku Doria"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Doria</span></a><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">, dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Ionia" title="Suku Ionia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ionia</span></a><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">). Nama Aiolia berasal dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiolos" title="Aiolos"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Aiolos</span></a><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">, tokoh dalam
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitologi_Yunani" title="Mitologi Yunani"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mitologi Yunani</span></a><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> yang dipersaya sebagai leluhur suku ini.</span>
Suku Dorian<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suku Doria</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Yunani</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: </span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Δωριεῖς</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <i>Dōrieis</i>,
tunggal Δωριεύς, <i>Dōrieus</i>) adalah satu dari empat suku bangsa utama yang
menjadi leluhur </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunani_kuno" title="Yunani kuno"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bangsa</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Yunani kuno</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertumbuhan
dan perkembangan yunani<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pertumbuhan dan perkembangan Yunani
dalam bidang politik, ekonomi, sosial dan kebudayaan semakin bertambah maju dan
berkembang. Pada abad ke-7 SM tumbuh dan berkembang Negara-negara kota seperti
Sparta, Athena, Thebe, Corinthia, dam Argos. Bukan hanya di daratan jazirah
Yunani saja, tetapi tersebar pulau Negara-negara kota itu di pulau-pulau laut
Aegea. Masa antara abad ke-7 dan ke-6 SM adalah zaman kolonisasi Yunani.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Empat
zaman penting di Yunani<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mikene
(1400-1100 SM)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada akhir zaman
perunggu kota mikene di peloponnesos adalah kota yang berpengaruh di laut
Aegea. Menurut Hemeros benteng mikene adalah singgahsana Agamemnon, raja yang
memimpin Yunani dalam perang Troya. Mikene adalah kota yang makmur dan menjalin
hubungan perdagangan dengan Mesir, Surya, dan Palestina.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Para sodagarnya membuat
catatan dalam bahasa Yunani awal. Pada sekitar 1100 SM pengaruh kota ini lenyap
ketika di serang dan dibakar habis oleh penyerang yang tidak dikenal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zaman
kegelapan (1100-750 SM)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah jatuhnya Mikene
tulisan menghilang, istilah zaman kegelapan mengacu kepada minimnya catatan sejarah
bukan minimnya pencapaian. Konon masyarakat baru memasuki Agea dari utara.
Raja-raja bermunculan memrintah komunitas-komunitas kecil. Ini lah cikal bakal
Negara kota Yunani. Pujangga mulai mencetak mitos dan legenda yang di tulis
pada abad ke-8 SM, ketika para pemikir bahasa Yunani kembali menulis. Kali ini
dengan huruf varian fenesia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zaman
klasik (250-323 SM)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Negara kota Yunani
berkembang dan mendirikan koloni-koloni di seantero Mediterania sebuah aliansi
Yunani yang dipimpin Athena dan Sparta serta sekutu mereka: perang berakhir
sekitar 30 tahun kemudian dengan kekalahan Athena pascaperang, fhilip II dari
Makedoneia berkuasa atas seluruh Yunani, puteranya Alexander mendidrikan
kekkuasaan yang terbentang di seantero Asia dan India<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode
Helenistik (323-31 SM)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meskipun kekuasaan
Alexander terpecah menjadi tiga kerajaan besar dan banyak wilayah kecil,
pengaruh Yunani tetap terlihat melalui Helenistik Yunani-politik, sastra, seni
dan bahasa yang didukung oleh pendidikan dan luasnya penggunaan tulisan. Bangsa
Romawi pindah ke bekas kekuasaan Alexander pada tahun 168 SM dan pada 86 SM
menguasai Athena. Mereka terbukti menjadi pendukung besar banyak aspek budaya
Yunani.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ajaran
dan praktek keagamaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bangsa Yunani menyembah dan percaya kepada banyak
dewa dan dewi. Dewa-dewi itu berdiam disuatu gunung yang bernama olimpia,
dibawah pimpinan suatu dewa tertinggi yang bernama Zeus. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zeus adalah
raja dari para dewa. Dia bisa mengendalikan cuaca. Penyair Yunani kuno, Hesiod,
memanggilnya 'awan-pengumpul' dan 'guntur'. Senjatanya yang paling ampuh adalah
petir. Orang Yunani kuno percaya bahwa ketika petir menyambar bumi, itu adalah
tanda Zeus hadir.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di bawah ini beberapa dewa yang dipercayai oleh orang-orang
yunani :<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zeus
sebagai dewa tertinggi yang mendiami langit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hera</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">adalah istri</span> <span class="hps">Zeus</span>
<span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">ratu</span> <span class="hps">para
dewa</span>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Athena</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">adalah</span> <span class="hps">dewi perang</span> <span class="hps">dan
kebijaksanaan</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Apollo adalah dewa matahari, kebenaran, musik,
puisi, tari dan penyembuhan</span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Demeter</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">adalah</span> <span class="hps">dewi kesuburan</span> <span class="hps">dan
pertanian</span><span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span></span><span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Poseidon</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">adalah dewa</span> <span class="hps">laut dan</span> <span class="hps">kuda</span>.</span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Aphrodite adalah</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">dewi cinta</span> <span class="hps">dan
kecantikan</span><span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span></span><span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hermes</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">adalah dewa</span> <span class="hps">perjalanan</span>, <span class="hps">bisnis</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">dan olahraga</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Artemis</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">dewi</span> <span class="hps">berburu</span>, <span class="hps">memanah</span>
<span class="hps">dan melahirkan</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ares</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">adalah
dewa</span> <span class="hps">perang</span>. <span class="hps">Namun, tidak seperti</span>
<span class="hps">Athena</span>, <span class="hps">ia tidak</span> <span class="hps">sangat
licik</span> <span class="hps">dalam pertempuran</span>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hephaistos</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">adalah</span> <span class="hps">dewa api</span>, <span class="hps">gunung berapi</span>, <span class="hps">pandai besi dan</span> <span class="hps">craftworkers</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hephaistos</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">adalah</span> <span class="hps">dewa api</span>, <span class="hps">gunung
berapi</span>, <span class="hps">pandai besi dan</span> <span class="hps">craftworkers</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-64465060526020565542013-05-29T00:52:00.002-07:002013-05-29T01:09:42.925-07:00RESPONDING PAPER KELOMPOK 4<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RESPONDING PAPER ROMAWI KUNO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">OLEH: RITA HARDIANTI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejarah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerajaan (753-509 SM)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbentuknya
Romawi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kota
Roma didirikan oleh suku bangsa local yang telah membangun perkemahan di tujuh
bukit di sekeliling Roma pada 753 SM.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
legenda, Roma didirikan oleh dua orang kakak beradik, Romulus dan Remus, cucu
raja Numitor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sodara raja yang jahat,
Amulius, memasukan kedua bersaudara yang masih bayi itu kesebuah keranjang lalu
dibuang ke sungai Tiber. Tetapi mereka diselamatkan dan disusui oleh serigala
betina. Mereka mendirikan Roma. Namun keduanya bertikai dan Remus terbunuh.
Romulus kemudian menjadi raja yang pertama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikisahkan
pula bahwa Roma awal diperintah oleh raja local dengan Romulus sebagai penguasa
pertama. Warga Roam tediri atas orang Sabin dan Latin, yang bersatu untuk
membangun sebuah kota. Dan menganggap bangsa Romawi. Bangsa ini mendapat
pengaruh dari daerah-daerah utara tetangga seperti: Etruscan, Para Pedagang
Yunai dan Katago yang membawa berbagai pemikiran baru mengenai kebudayaan dan
masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bangsa
Etruska<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bangsa
ini kerajaannya disebut Etruria, terbentuk sekitar (800 SM). Terdiri atas:
petani, pengrajin logam, pelaut, dan pedagang. Bangsa ini menyukai music,
permainan dan perjudian. Selain itu di pengaruhi bangsa Yunani, mengadopsi abjad
Yunani, mengenakan Himaton (Jubah), dan menyembah para dewa Yunani. Banyak cara
hidup mereka diambil oleh bangsa Romawi. Akirnya orang Romawi juga mengambil
alih kebudayaan gaya Yunani sebagai kebudayaan utama mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7 Raja Romawi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Romulus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Romulus
adalah raja pertama sekaligus pendiri Roma. Romulus mendirikan Roma di atas
bukit Palatine. Romulus mengizinkan semua laki-laki, baik manusia bebas ataupun
</span><a href="file://wiki/Budak" title="Budak"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">budak</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, untuk datang dan menjadi warga
Roma. Untuk menyediakan istri bagi warganya, Romulus menculik wanita-wanita
kaum Sabin sehingga kerajaan Sabin memerangi Roma. Setelah berperang dengan
kaun Sabin, Romulus berbagi gelar dengan raja Sabin, </span><a href="file://wiki/Titus_Tatius" title="Titus Tatius"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Titus
Tatius</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Pada
masa pemerintahannya, Roma juga berperang dengan kerajaan Fidenate dan Veii.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Romulus
memilih 100 orang bangsawan untuk membentuk </span><a href="file://wiki/Senat" title="Senat"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">senat</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sebagai dewan penasihat bagi raja.
Setelah penggabungan dengan Sabin, Romulus menambah lagi 100 sebagai senat.
Romulus membagi rakyatnya menjadi tiga puluh <i>curiae</i> (golongan), dinamai
berdasarkan tiga puluh wanita Sabin yang berperan dalam menghentikan perang
antara Romulus dan Titus Tatius. Pewakilan tiap <i>Curiae</i> berkumpul
membentuk Dewan Curiata. Setelah kematiannya pada usia 54 tahun, Romulus dipuja
sebagai Quirinus, dewa perang. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Numa Pompilius<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah
kematian Romulus, terjapada masa </span><a href="file://wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">interregnum</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> selama satu tahun dimana 10 orang
anggota senat terpilih memerintah sebagai </span><a href="file://wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">interrex</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Senat kemudian memilih Numa
Pompilius, seorang Sabin, untuk menjadi raja berikutnya. Dia dipilih karena
reputasinya sebagai orang yang adil dan beriman. Meskipun awalnya Numa tidak
mau menerima jabatan kerajaan, ayahnya meyakinkannya untuk menerima posisi itu
sebagai cara untuk melayani para dewa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masa
pemerintahan Numa ditandai dengan perdamaian dan reformasi </span><a href="file://wiki/Agama" title="Agama"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">keagamaan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Numa membangun kuil </span><a href="file://wiki/Janus" title="Janus"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Janus</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan melakukan kesepakatan damai
dengan kerajaan tetangga Roma. Numa kemudian menutup pintu kuil tersebut untuk
menunjukkan keadaan damai.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Numa juga banyak
menetapkan dan mendirikan jabatan keagamaan di Roma, contohnya </span><a href="file://wiki/Perawan_vesta" title="Perawan vesta"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">perawan vesta</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="file://wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" title="Pontifex Maximus"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pontifex Maximus</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Salii, flamine. Numa mereformasi </span><a href="file://wiki/Kalender" title="Kalender"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kalender</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Romawi dengan menambahkan bulan </span><a href="file://wiki/Januari" title="Januari"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Januari</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><a href="file://wiki/Februari" title="Februari"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Februari</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sehingga totalnya menjadi 12 bulan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Numa mengatur wilayah Roma menjadi </span><a href="file://wiki/Distrik" title="Distrik"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">distrik-distrik</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> untuk menciptakan aministrasi yang
lebih baik, membagi-bagi tanah kepada para penduduk, dan membentuk serikat dagang.
Tradisi mengatakan bahwa pada masa pemerintahan Numa </span><a href="file://wiki/Perisai" title="Perisai"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">perisai</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Jupiter jatuh dari </span><a href="file://wiki/Langit" title="Langit"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">langit</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dengan masa depan Roma tertulis di
atasnya. Numa memerintah selama 43 tahun dan meninggal secara alami</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tullus Hostilius</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tullus
Hostilius adalah raja yang lebih suka berperang dibanding mengurusi masalah
keagamaan. Pada masa pemerintahannya, Roma memusnahkan kerajaan Alba Longa dan
mengambil seluruh penduduknya<sup>.</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Dia juga berperang dengan kerajaan Fidenae, Veii, dan Sabin. Dia
membangun tempat baru untuk senat, <i>Curia Hostilia</i>, yang bertahan sampai
500 tahun setelah kematiannya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
suatu cerita, Tullus mengabaikan para </span><a href="file://wiki/Dewa" title="Dewa"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dewa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> hingga akhirnya ia jatuh sakit. Tullus kemudian memanggil </span><a href="file://wiki/Jupiter_%28mitologi%29" title="Jupiter (mitologi)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Jupiter</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan memohon pertolongannya namun Jupiter membakar sang raja
dengan petirnya. Tullus memerintah Roma selama 31 tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ancus Marcius</span></b><a href="file://wiki/Berkas:Ancus_Marcius_-_Numa_Pompiulus_-_Coin.gif" title="Perbesar"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah
kematian Tullus Hostilius yang misterius, senat Romawi memilih cucu Numa
Pompilius, Ancus Marcius, sebagai raja. Seperti kakeknya, Ancus Marcius lebih
suka perdamaian dan hanya berperang jika dia diserang. Dia melakukan
kesepakatan damai dengan kerajaan tetangga Roma dan membuat mereka bersekutu
dengan Roma. Dia banyak membangun infrastruktur, seperti </span><a href="file://wiki/Penjara" title="Penjara"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">penjara</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pertama Roma, </span><a href="file://wiki/Pelabuhan" title="Pelabuhan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pelabuhan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan pabrik garam. Dia juga
membangun jembatan pertama yang melalui </span><a href="file://wiki/Sungai_Tiber" title="Sungai Tiber"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sungai
Tiber</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Setelah
memimpin selama 25 tahun, Dia meninggal secara alami seperti kakeknya, menandai
berakhirnya pemerintahan raja Latin-Sabin di Roma.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tarquinius Priscus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tarquinius
Priscus merupakan keturunan Etruska. Setelah pindah ke Roma, dia diadopsi oleh
Ancus Marcius. Dalam masa pemerintahannya, dia memenangkan banyak peperangan
melawan kerajaan lain dan membuat Roma memperoleh banyak harta rampasan perang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dia
menambahkan 100 anggota dari suku Etruska ke dalam senat. Dia juga menambah
jumlah tentara menjadi 6.000 </span><a href="file://wiki/Infantri" title="Infantri"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">infantri</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan 600 </span><a href="file://wiki/Kavaleri" title="Kavaleri"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kavaleri</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Dia membangun kuil Jupiter, <i>Circus Maximus</i> (arena
balap kereta kuda), mendirikan Forum Romawi, mengadakan kompetisi olahraga
Romawi, dan memperkenalkan lambang militer Romawi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah
menjadi raja selama 25 tahun, dia dibunuh oleh anak kandung Ancus Marcius.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Servius Tullius<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tarquinius Priscus digantikan oleh
menantunya, Servius Tullius. Servius adalah raja Roma kedua yang merupakan
keturunan Etruska. Servius mengadakan </span><a href="file://wiki/Sensus" title="Sensus"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sensus</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> penduduk pertama dan membagi-bagi penduduk Roma berdasarkan
tingkat ekonominya dan wilayah geografisnya. Dia mendirikan Dewan Centuria dan
dewan Suku. Dia membangun kuil </span><a href="file://wiki/Diana" title="Diana"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Diana</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan tembok yang mengelilingi tujuh bukit di Roma. Dia
memerintah selama 44 tahun kemudian dibunuh oleh putrinya (Tullia) dan
menantunya (</span><a href="file://wiki/Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Tarquinius Superbus"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Tarquinius Superbus</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">).<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tarquinius Superbus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tarquinius
Superbus anak dari Tarquinius Priscus dan menantu Servius Tullius. Tarquinius
Superbus juga adalah orang Etruska. Tidak seperti raja-raja sebelumnya, masa
pemerintahan Tarquinius Superbus diisi dengan kekejaman dan teror sehingga
rakyat memberontak padanya. Kekuasaan Tarquinius Superbus berakhir pada </span><a href="file://wiki/509_SM" title="509 SM"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">509
SM</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, sekaligus menandai berakhirnya
pengaruh Etruska di Romawi dan pembentukan </span><a href="file://wiki/Republik_Romawi" title="Republik Romawi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Republik</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Sementara Tarquinius Superbus melarikan diri ke kota
Tusculum dan kemudian ke </span><a href="file://wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cumae</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, di mana ia meninggal dunia pada 496 SM. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Republic (509-27 SM)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Awal Republic<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sekitar tahun 500-an SM, ketika demokrasi
sudah dimulai di Athena, para aristokrat Romawi memutuskan bahwa mereka tak mau
lagi dipimpin oleh raja-raja Etruska. Para raja memang bertugas secara baik
untuk rakyat miskin, namun golongan orang kaya menginginkan lebih banyak
kekuasaan. Akan tetapi kelompok kaya tidak bisa begitu saja menyingkirkan raja.
Mereka memerlukan bantuan dari orang miskin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Republik Romawi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kini Romawi mulai menaklukan Italia selatan. Mereka
menggunakan gagasan-gagasan bagus untuk membantu penaklukan mereka. Seperti
halnya Aleksander Agung, Romawi mengumumkan kepada semua orang bahwa jika ada
kota yang membutuhkan bantuan dalam peperangan, maka Romawi akan dengan senang
hati membantu. Dengan segera, sebuah kota meminta pertolongan karena diserang
oleh tetangganya. Romawi mengirimkan pasukan dan mengusir si penyerang. Akan
tetapi, setelah perang selesai, Romawi menyatakan bahwa akan menempatkan
sejumlah tentara Romawi di kota tersebut, untuk menjaga keamanan di sana. Namun
jika ada tentara Romawi yang tinggal di suatu kota, maka kota tersebut secara
tidak langsung harus mematuhi segala perintah Romawi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akhir Republik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tahun 146 SM Romawi merupakan satu-satunya kekuatan
penting yang tersisa di Laut Tengah, dan mereka menguasai hampir seluruh daerah
pesisirnya.Namun muncul masalah di Romawi. Yang pertama, dua bersaudara yang
bernama Tiberius Gracchus dan Gaius Gracchus berusaha mengembalikan sejumlah
lahan di Italia kepada rakyat miskin. Namun para aristokrat di Senat yang kaya
tidak mau menyerahkan lahan kepada kaum miskin. Pada tahun 133 dan 123 SM para
senator dengan banyak pengikut mereka membunuh kedua bersaudara itu dalam dua
kesempatan berbeda. Para Senator tidak dihukum atas kejahatan mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yang kedua, orang-orang Afrika yang dulu menyerang Kartago
masih membuat masalah. Banyak pedagang Romawi yang tinggal di Afrika dibunuh
oleh mereka. Jadi sekitar tahun 100 SM Romawi kembali menyerang Afrika. Namun
Romawi tidak memiliki cukup tentara, dan jenderalnya, Marius, memutuskan untuk
memasukkan para pria pengangguran dari kota Roma. Dia berjanji akan memberi
mereka hadiah jika menang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yang
ketiga, kota-kota Italia merasa bahwa Romawi tidak memperlakukan mereka dengan
layak Mereka ingin memperoleh hak suara lebih banyal. Jadi pada tahun 80-an SM
terjadi perang melawan kota-kota Italia, di bawah jenderal bernama Sulla.
Perang in disebut Perang Sosial, dari bahasa latin "socii" yang
bermakna "sekutu". Perang ini berlangsung lama dan Romawi menjadi
pemenangnya. Akan tetapi, Marius dan Sulla berebut untuk menjadi jenderal yang
akan bertempur di Asia Barat. Marius menang, namun Sulla membawa pasukannya dan
berarak ke kota Rom. Dia mengancam akan menyuruh pasukannya menyerang Roma jika
Senat tidak memberinya tugas yang diinginkannya. Cara ini berhasil; Sulla pergi
ke Asia barat, dan ketika dia kembali dia mengangkat dirinya sendiri sebagai
diktator, yang berarti dia dapat menyuruh siapapun untuk melakukan apapun tanpa
perlu izin Senat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah Marius dan Sulla meninggal,
sudah jelas bahwa Senat Romawi tidak cukup kuat untuk memimpin Romawi. Untuk
mengendalikan keadaan, tiga orang bersekutu, mereka adalah Pompeius (sahabat
Sulla), Crassus (seorang kaya), dan Julius Caesar (sahabat Marius). Mereka
menjalankan roda pemerintahan selama kira-kira sepuluh tahun, sementara Julius
Caesar menaklukan Galia (Prancis modern). Namun Crassus kemudian terbunuh ketika
berperang melawan Parthia di Asia Barat, lalu Pompeius dan Julius Caesar
terlibat dalam perang saudara. Lagi-lagi banyak orang yang terbunuh di kedua
pihak. Pada akhirnya Caesar menang dalam Pertempuran Pharsalus. Pompeius kabur
ke Mesir, namun di saan orang-orang Mesir malah membunuhnya supaya Caesar tidak
marah kepada mereka.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-67507473328183086752013-05-29T00:51:00.001-07:002013-05-29T01:10:13.484-07:00RESPONDING PAPER KELOMPOK 6<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RESPONDING
PAPER AGAMA JAIN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">OLEH:RITA
HARDIANTI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejarah
dan perkembangan agama jain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agama jain adalah sebuah agama monastic
kuno dari india. Agama ini menolak otoritas weda sebagaimana halnya agama
budhha. Agama ini muncul<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada zaman
wiracarita yakni masa akhir zaman brahmana, ketika ada perdebatan antara aliran
teistis dan non teistis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Jainisme sndiri mulai diakui
keberadaannya di magadha, india utara sekitar abad ke-6 dan ke-5 sebelum masehi
pada waktu itu mahavira menyebarkan ajaran-ajarannya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Oleh karena itu
mahavira lebih dikenal sebagai nabi jainisme, bukan penciptanya. Hal ini
diperkuat oleh kenyataan bahwa mahavira dianggap bukan yang paling dulu
menyebarkan ajaran-ajaran jainisme tersebut. Namun diakui bahwa diantara sekian
banyak tirthankara, Mahavira adalah yang paling akhir turun ke Dunia ini.
Sehingga Ialah yang menyampaikan dan menyempurnakan ajaran-ajaran agama jain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Jainisme sndiri mulai diakui
keberadaannya di magadha, india utara sekitar abad ke-6 dan ke-5 sebelum masehi
pada waktu itu mahavira menyebarkan ajaran-ajarannya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Oleh karena itu
mahavira lebih dikenal sebagai nabi jainisme, bukan penciptanya. Hal ini
diperkuat oleh kenyataan bahwa mahavira dianggap bukan yang paling dulu
menyebarkan ajaran-ajaran jainisme tersebut. Namun diakui bahwa diantara sekian
banyak tirthankara, Mahavira adalah yang paling akhir turun ke Dunia ini.
Sehingga Ialah yang menyampaikan dan menyempurnakan ajaran-ajaran agama jain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan
Jainisme<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Telah disebutkan di
atas bahwa p</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">enyebaran
hasil pemikiran</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"> Mahavira</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> disebar melalui padato-pidato dan
ceramah-ceramah diberbagai kota di india. Dari perjalanannya itu kemudia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">n </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">pengikut jaina lebih kurang satu juta orang dan semuanya berada di india
seperti agama hindu, pada ke</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">s</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">eluruhannya tara so</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">s</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">ial dan <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4756317039377018021" name="_ftnref12">penidikan mereka bersifat ti</a>nggi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dewasa ini ada lebih dari 8 juta
pengikut agama ini. Mereka terutama ditemukan di India. Secara sosial, biasanya
para penganut Jainisme termasuk golongan menengah ke atas. Agama Jaina itu
mewariskan bangunan-bangunan kuil yang amat terkenal keindahan arsitekturnya di
India dan senantiasa dikunjungi wisatawan.<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agama jinisme dikenal di Asia Selatan
(India) dan disebarkan oleh Vardamina (546 SM) yang berasal dari keluarga
yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sangat berkuasa pada masanya.
Vardamina selama dua belas tahun hidup menjadi anggota masyarakat pertapa yang
bernama Nirgrantha. Pada tahun ke-13 dalam pengembaraannya Vardamina
mendapatkan ilham atau wahyu penerangan tentang hakikat Tuhan yang Maha Tahu,
yang mengerti akan segala sesuatu yang ada di jagad raya ini baik yang
tersembunyi maupun yang nampak. Dan pada selama tiga puluh tahun kemudian
Vardamina menyiarkan agamanya. Dan setelah Vardamina Mahavira meninggal aliran
jainisme pecah menjadi dua yaitu Svetambara (memakai jubah putih) dan Digambara
(berpakaian langit atau telanjang)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">perpecahan tersebut
terjadi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">Sekitar tahun 310 SM yakni lebih kurang tiga abad sepeninggal Mahavira.
Perpecahan itu disebabkan musim paceklik di India utara. Sejumlah 12.000 orang
dari jemaat jaina itu dibawah pimpinan Badhrabahu, melakukan perpindahan menuju
ke belahan selatan India, berdiam dan menetap dalam wilayah Mysore. Dengan
begitu jemaat terpecah menjadi dua, yaitu belahan utara dan belahan selatan.
Belahan utara beriklim dingin dan be;lahan selatan beriklim panas. Di dalam wilayah
yang beriklim panas itu, pakaian tidak diperlukan. Sedangkan di belahan utara
lebih mengutamakan bertarak dan bertapa tetapi perpecahan itu belum resmi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">Kemudian Sekitar tahun 82 Masehi
perpecahan itu menjadi resmi dan disebabkan masalah pakaian. Jemaat yang
mendiami di belahan utara pegunungan vindaya selalu mengenakan pakaian putih,
dan jemaat ini yang disebut dengan sekte svetambara (jemaat berpakaian putih).
Sedangkan jemaat yang mendiami di belahan selatan pegunungan vindaya tidak
mengenakan pakaian sehelai benang pun karena beriklim panas. Jemaat itu disebut
dengan digambara (jemaat bertelanjang bugil bagaikan langit).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">System
kepercayaan agama jain<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konsepsi tentang tuhan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Agama
jain atau jainisme menolak adanya tuhan yang dianggap sebagai pencipta atau
penguasa dunia ini. Walaupun demikian menurut hut chison, paham jainisme tidak
termasuk atheis, melainkan disebut non-teisme. Penyebutan ini didasarkan pada
corak paha agama tersebut tentang apa yang disebut tuhan. Agama jain mengakui
keberadaan apa yang disebut sang “Maha Kuat”, namun mengatakan bahwa sang maha
kuat tersebut termasuk pula manusia, semuanya terbelenggu dalam alam dosa
dengan sedikit atau tanpa ada kesempatan untuk melarikan diri darinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konsepsi tentang alam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jainisme
menganut filsafat dualisme, yaitu membagi alam saemesta ini menjadi dua
kategori: zat yang hidup (jiva) dan zat yang tidak hidup (ajiva). Ajiva
memiliki lima substansi yaitu benda (pudgala), dharma, adharma, ruang (akasa)
dan waktu (kala). Unsure jiva dan keenam unsure ajiva tersebut disebut denga
enam dravya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konsepsi tentang karma<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jainisme
tetap menerima ajaran tentang karma-samsara dalam pemikiran tradisional india,
dan mengajarkan bahw karma terjadi karena tercampurnya jiva dan ajiva. Konsep
karma dalam jainisme<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berpangkal pada
prinsip dualism antara jiwa dan benda, atas dasra prinsip tersebut, menurut
jainisme tubuh manusia itu memenjarakan jiwanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pandangan tentang pencerahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan
akhir dari ajaran jain adalah untuk mencapai kehidupan yang sempurna memperoleh
pengetahuan tentang pencerahan dan akhirnya moksa yakni terlepas dari siklus
kelahiran kembali. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PRAKTEK
KEAGAMAAN DALAM JAINISME<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 209.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asketisme<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 209.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut jai nada
dua motif melakukan kehidupan asketik, pertama bahwa kehidupan asketik dianggap
sebagai salah satu macam atletikisme spiritual yaitu latihan spiritual para
atlit menjelang pertandingan. Kedua, bahwa kehidupan asketik itu menempatkan
prinsip serba dua antara materi dan spirit (jiwa). Alu mencari cara untuk
membebaskan jiwa yang terkurung dalam daging.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 209.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jainisme
sangantmementingkan asketisme. Hal ini diandaikan sebagai perjuangan mahavira
untu memperoleh pengetahuan agungng. Karena itu sifat asketik jainisme menjadi
bgitu kstrim dan ketat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 209.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Etika
penganut agama Jain<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masyarakat
jainisme terdiri atas pendeta, biara dan orang kebanyakan. Hanya ada lima
disiplin spiritual didalam jainisme. Di dalam kasus kependetaan disiplin ini
benar-baner ketat, kaku dan sangat fanatik. Sementara dalam kasus orang umum
hal itu bisa di modifikasi. Kelima sumpah disebut “sumpah besar” (maha-vrta),
sementara bagi orang umum disebut ‘sumpah kecil’ (anu-vrta). Kelima sumpah
tersebut adalah (1) ahimsa (non kekerasan), (2) satya (kebenaran di dalam pikiran),
(3) asteya (tidak mencuri), (4) brahmacharya (berpantang dari pemenuhan nafsu
baik pikiran, perkataan maupun perbuatan), dan (5) aparigraha (ketakmelekatan
dengan pikiran, perkataan dan prbuatan). Dalam halo rang umum, aturan ini bisa
di modifikasi dan disederhanakan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13593066666322806370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4756317039377018021.post-46077015148083186942013-05-29T00:49:00.001-07:002013-05-29T01:10:55.936-07:00RESPONDING PAPER KELOMPOK 7<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333;">RESPONDING PAPER AGAMA SIKH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333;">OLEH: RITA HARDIANTI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333;">AJARAN AGAMA SIKH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333;">
Tatkala Nanak berusia 30 tahun, ia mengatakan pada istrinya. Jugaorangtuanya,
bahwa ia teah menjadi guru. Istrinya bertanya apakah guru itu? Nanak menjawab:
“guru adalah seseoreang yang mengajarkan kepercayaan baru” apakah kepercayaan
baru itu?, tanya ayahnya. Nanak menjawab: “tidak adahindu tidak ada muslim “
inilah krmudian yang di katakan sebagi ajaran besaragama Sikh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333;">
Pada pertama kali Nanak mengajarkan ajaran tersebut, majikanya Nawab Daulad
Khan Lodhi,juga mendengarnya, dan bertanya mengapa “mengapa Nanak berpendapat
tidak ada Muslim? “ Nanak menjawab: “Nwab Sahib, adalah sangat sulit menjadi
seorang muslim. “ seterusnya ia berkata :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333;">
“Orang yang kokoh kuat memang keyakinanya berhak di sebut seornag muslim,
amalan-amalanya harussesuai dengan keyakinanya terhadapketeladanan nabi
Muhammad ia harus membersihkan diri dari kesombongan dan kerakusan tidak
lagi tergoda oleh dua macam kepentingan kehidupan dan kematian menyerahkan diri
kepada kehendak Tuhan mengenal dia sebagai yang maha kuasa bebas daritekanan
diri pribadi mengasihi segala sesuatu demikian itulah seseorang yang boleh
menamakan dirinya sebagai seorang Muslim ”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“hanya ada satu Tuhan yang namaNYA
adalah kebenaran, pencipta, terpelihara dari kekuatan dan musuh tidak
dilahirkan, kekal, berdiri sendiri, maha besar, melimpah. Yang maha esa itulah
yang awal dan yang akhir, yang maha esa itulah yang akan datang.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333;">
Nanak sama sekali menolak setiap bentuk kompromi dalam ajaran tentang keesaan
tuhan ia dengan tegas menolak ajaran tentang trinitas, dan menyatakan bahwa
pembagian tuhan menjadi tiga pribadi adalah bertentangan dengan keesaan Tuhan
dalam hal ini Nanak berpendapat bahwa “adalah anaggapan yang biasa bahwa dewi
ibu secara misterius melahirkan ajaran trinitas atau tritunggal, yaitu tuhan
pencipta Tuhan memelihara dan Tuhan pemusnah. Akan tetapi pada hakeketnya
itulah Tuhan, yang mengatur alam semesta berdasarkan kehendaknya dan buakan
yang lain yang paling menabjukan manusia adalah bahwa Tuhan itu melihat Merekan
dan mereka tidak melihan NYA, semua tergantung kepadaNYA, wujud pertama yang
maha suci yang tidak berawaldan tidak mati danselamanya tetap sama”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333;">AJARAN NANAK TENTANG MANAUSIA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333;">
Guru Nanak mengajarkan bahwa seluruh umat manusia adalah satu. Orang di
muliakan bukan karena ia angota kasta ini atau itu, kepercayaan ini atau itu,
melainkan karena ia adalah”manusia” oleh karena itu nanak juga sangat menentang
ajaran tentang kasta, lebih-lebih tentang adanya manusia najis yang haram di
sentuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Nanak sangat mementingkan segi moral manusi, menurut dia.manusia harus hidup
dengan mengutamakan kesempurnaan moral karena kesempurnaan manusia terletak
pada tinggi rendahnya moral itu. Dalam memeberikan nasehat untuk pembinaan
moral manusia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>AJARAN NANAK TENTANG ALAM<span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333;">
Nanak mengajarkan bahwa alam semesta ini adalah ciptaan Tuhan, dan tida abadi.
Yang kekal dan abadi hanya Tuhan, karena Tuhan adalah relitas mutlak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333;">PERIBADATAN AGAMA SIKH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333;">
Agama Sikh tidak banyak merumuskanuapcara ibadat. Ibadat yang paling pokok
adalah samadi dalam rangka mengingat tuhan untuk menyucikan rohanidari
pengaruh-pengaruh yang menjauhkan manusia dari Tuhan. Di samping itu mereka
mengenal sujud dan menyanyi di kuil. Tetapi semua itu inti pokoknya adalah
dzikir. Menurut mereka, kewajiban tertinggi adalh menyebut Tuhan yang maha Esa
secara terus menerus. Nama Tuhan yang murni itu adalah kekuatan yang akan
membantu manusia sehingga harus selalu di ingat dan di ucapkan hilangkan segala
sesuatu dari ingatan selain nama yang murni itu, sebut nama itu berulang kali,
dengan nama itu tumpakan ingatan akan nama itu, ualng dan ulangi terus menyebut
nama Tuhan setiap saat sampai jiwa terserap ke dalam cahaya ketuhanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333;">KITAB SUCI AGAMA SIKH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Adi Granth<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kitab suci ini di
sebut juga guru Granth Sahib. Dan merupakan kitab yang di susun oleh guru yang
kelima Arjun, di Amritsar. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tulisan-tulisan dalam Adi Granth dapat di
golongkan menjadi tiga macam, yaitu pertama, nyanyian-nyanyian suci yang
disusun oleh guru Sikh. Bagian ini merupakan bagian yang paling besar, terdiri
dari 2218 syair oleh arjun :974 syairoleh guru Nanak: 907 susunan amar dad: 679
susunan Ram Das, 115 karaangan TeghBahadur dan 62 syair keduan nyanyian yang
berasal dari kaummistik baik yang beragama Hindu maupun Kaum Sufi. Bagian yang
terbesar dari nyanyian ini adalah yang berasal darri sufi besar, yaitu kabir
dan Farid. Ketiga, puji-pujian yang di tunjukan terhadap guru-guru Sikh, di
susun oleh penyair pengembala kaum sikh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dasam Granth<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kitab ini juga di
sebut dengan dasvin Padshah ka Granth dan merupakan kumpulan tulisan guru
Govind Singh sendiri. Isinya dapat di bagi menjadi empatbagian, yaitu bagian
mitologi: bagian yang bercorak filosofis, bagianyang berisi otobiografi; dan
bagian yang ada sangkutpautnya dengan masalah hawa nafsu atau erotic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sekte-Sekte Agama Sikh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sekte Namdari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sekte ini di dirikan
oleh Bhai Ram Singh, seorang perwira pasukan Raja Ranjit Singh. Bhai Ram adalah
seorang yang taat beragama dabn murid dari seorang pengikut sekte orsi, yaitu
baba balak ram. Bhai Ram ingin mengadakan pembaharuan terhadap agama Sikh. Dia
mengajarka bahwa gurunya Baba Balak Ram, adlah guru Sikh yang kesebelas. Ajaran
ini di terima oleh sebagian kaum Sikh, dan mereka mengangap bahwa Bhai Ram
adalah guru yang ke duabelas aliran ini terkenal karena keshalehanya dan
pakaian yang di pakai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sekte Akali<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aliran atau sekte
akaliadalah suatu aliran yang paling akhir lahir di kalangan kaum Sikh karena
aliran ini baru muncul setelah perang dunia ke dua berbeda dari sekte Namdari,
sekte ini sangat kuat ke arah politik, tokkoh utamanya, Banda Biragi sangat
besar pengaruhnya dalam menentukan arah politik kelompok ini. Apa yang di
lakukan oleh banda bairagi dan pengikutnya dapat di gambarkan oleh keterangan
berikut ; “perhatian banda tidak pernah lengah dari mengamati pasukan inggris
di india. Sering sekali ia melakukan perang grilia dan dengan menyamar di dalam
kerumunan orang banyak. Mereka selalu menimbulkan kerusuhan-kerusuhan yang
merepotkan penguasa benda tidak menetap di suatu tempat tertentu ia tidak
pernah menetapkan bekas setelah melakukan pembunuhan, penyerangan serta
penghancuran sesuatu sasaran mereka juga sering menghancurkan masjid-masjid dan
mengobrak abrik makam kaum muslimin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: #333333;">Hari-Hari Besar</span></strong><span style="color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">Ada tiga jenis perayaan yang di
peringati oleh agama Sikh, umumnya perayaan ini diadopsi dari perayaan Hindu,
antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;">Perayaan tahun baru
atau Baisakhi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;">Perayaan cahaya atau
Divali, dan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;">Perayaan Hola
Mohalla<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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